Context: South African public universities are currently undergoing a transitional period as they traverse the sensitive road of curriculum redesign that achieves an inclusive approach to education for the goal of the decolonisation of knowledge. Problem: Many classrooms have students from several cultural backgrounds yet in these spaces there is often a single dominant discourse on offer. An ethical question is raised in terms of what content should be addressed in the classroom. Method: An approach to curricula design as a conversation is presented. The philosophical aspects underlying shifts in epistemology are presented following an eclectic approach to curricula design that embraces second-order science in achieving the ongoing goal of decolonisation. The method used to achieve this goal is conversational heterarchical curriculum design assuming non quidem tabula rasa. Students can act as reference points (Nunataks) for curricula design, thus reducing the abstraction in the syllabus. Results: A heterarchical conversational approach offers a platform whereby social justice may be addressed in the classroom by providing a means by which the students’ own epistemology is embraced within the curriculum as the students provide the trajectory for the course content based on their own epistemology. A dynamic curriculum is then available that has immediate use in the communities that the students reside in. Students demonstrate understanding of the content as it is tied to their own way of knowing. Implications: The benefits of this approach include moving away from defining science according to a realist view. Educators may accept the idea that knowledge is not impartial and that method is tied to epistemology. When the observer is included in science, an awareness arises that theories (at least in the social sciences) affect what is studied, which in turn affects society. Constructivist content: The approach builds on von Foerster’s ideas on reflexivity. Pask’s conversation theory is a vehicle for the attainment of reflexive conversational teaching and learning.

Key words: Adaptation, curriculum design, conversation theory, cybernetics, decolonisation, ethics, heterarchy, nunatak, reflexivity, second-order science, ubuntuism.

Open peer commentary on the article “Heterarchical Reflexive Conversational Teaching and Learning as a Vehicle for Ethical Engineering Curriculum Design” by Philip Baron. Upshot: The target article discusses constructivist teaching in the context of a university engineering course. As such it offers an opportunity to think about third-level constructivist teaching. In addition, it focuses on the ethical dimensions of the constructivist approach. The description of constructivist approaches offers the opportunity to reflect on implementing constructivist methods in teaching.

Open peer commentary on the article “Heterarchical Reflexive Conversational Teaching and Learning as a Vehicle for Ethical Engineering Curriculum Design” by Philip Baron. Upshot: To work with institutional curricula, it is necessary to adopt practices that conflict with a radical constructivist philosophy. This conflict can generate contradictions that are often left uninspected, and which are particularly hard to disentangle in a post-colonial society.

Open peer commentary on the article “Heterarchical Reflexive Conversational Teaching and Learning as a Vehicle for Ethical Engineering Curriculum Design” by Philip Baron. Upshot: I question the scope of curriculum design as proposed by the target article in relation to radical constructivist learning theory and terminology. In addition, I provide contextualization and clarification regarding the relationships between learning, teaching and design.

In this paper, I will discuss the application of Maturana and Varela’s theories of autopoiesis, cognition and language to the notions of worldview, worldview change and curriculum design. The context for this discussion is the education of systems concepts, thinking and practice. It has been argued that systemic thinking requires the adoption of particular assumptions into the worldview of the student, independent of the systems concepts under study. This raises the question of how best to structure a curriculum to meet this end. It will be argued that autopoietic theory, when applied to systems education has significant implications for curriculum design.

Key words: Autopoietic theory, systems education, worldview change, curriculum design, systems practice

Open peer commentary on the article “Heterarchical Reflexive Conversational Teaching and Learning as a Vehicle for Ethical Engineering Curriculum Design” by Philip Baron. Upshot: Philip Baron focuses on changing university curricula in South Africa to enable students to succeed who do not share the culture, expectations, and experience of their teachers. With increasing need and desire for more education worldwide, his article is relevant to university education in all countries, especially in those with underserved populations. This commentary focuses on the factors Baron describes which can be generalized to all university education.

During the past decade ‘Constructivism’ or one of its many variants has become the dominant ideology in science and mathematics education. A casual, disinterested observer might be shocked at the rate at which this school of thought has permeated research communities across the globe and at the grip that it holds on their work. In this paper, I wish to concentrate on the notion of Constructivism prevalent in science education as defined by the the Generative model of learning (Osborne and Wittrock 1985), Driver’s (1985) account of a constructivist approach to curriculum development and White’s (1988) position on the learning of science.

Key words: philosophy, educational methods, concept formation, epistemology, realism, learning motivations, cognitive style, curriculum design

Open peer commentary on the article “Heterarchical Reflexive Conversational Teaching and Learning as a Vehicle for Ethical Engineering Curriculum Design” by Philip Baron. Upshot: The target article advocates the use of conversational heterarchical curriculum design as part of the process of decolonisation in South African universities. A stated objective is to reduce the amount of abstraction in the syllabus. I discuss whether the reduction of abstraction is an appropriate aim of decolonisation, considering some of the potential consequences and questioning whether a less abstract teaching style would be advisable in practical terms and compatible with students’ values.

Open peer commentary on the article “Heterarchical Reflexive Conversational Teaching and Learning as a Vehicle for Ethical Engineering Curriculum Design” by Philip Baron. Upshot: In any human culture, language guides and constrains thinking and learning and therefore what gets accepted as relevant knowledge. When proposing a radical change in an educational system, the prevailing language (and its accompanying way or ways of thinking) may need to be challenged before significant change can occur. Cybernetics offers alternatives to language that currently constrains the possibilities for system change.

This paper reflects on the implications of a five year programme of research and development with non-specialist teachers of science in primary (elementary) classrooms in England. Within a constructivist framework defined by University-based researchers, groups of teachers explored the viability of a range of methods of eliciting children’s ideas prior to helping children to develop their thinking in the direction of conventional scientific understanding. This research led to the development of curriculum materials, (Nuffield Primary Science) generated in a similar manner, with groups of teachers operating under normal classroom conditions. The outcomes and implications of this programme of research and curriculum development are described and critically discussed. Particular reference is made to the needs of teachers wishing to operate within a constructivist orientation, bearing in mind the constraints of normal classroom conditions.

Key words: philosophy, educational methods, concept formation, epistemology, realism, learning motivations, cognitive style, curriculum design.