Foerster H. von (1959) Some Remarks on Changing Populations. In: Stohlman F. J. (ed.) The Kinetics of Cellular Proliferation. Grune and Stratton, New York: 382–407.
Foerster H. von
(
1959)
Some Remarks on Changing Populations.
In: Stohlman F. J. (ed.) The Kinetics of Cellular Proliferation. Grune and Stratton, New York: 382–407.
Foerster H. von, Brecher G. & Cronkite E. P. (1959) Production, Ausreifung and Lebensdauer der Leukozyten. In: Braunsteiner H. (ed.) Physiologie und Physiopathologie der weissen Blutzellen. George Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart: 188–214.
Foerster H. von, Brecher G. & Cronkite E. P.
(
1959)
Production, Ausreifung and Lebensdauer der Leukozyten.
In: Braunsteiner H. (ed.) Physiologie und Physiopathologie der weissen Blutzellen. George Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart: 188–214.
Lettvin J. Y., Maturana H. R., McCulloch W. S. & Pitts W. H. (1959) What the frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) 47(11): 1940–1951. https://cepa.info/518
Lettvin J. Y., Maturana H. R., McCulloch W. S. & Pitts W. H.
(
1959)
What the frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain.
Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) 47(11): 1940–1951.
Fulltext at https://cepa.info/518
In this paper, we analyze the activity of single fibers in the optic nerve of a frog. Our method is to find what sort of stimulus causes the largest activity in one nerve fiber and then what is the exciting aspect of that stimulus such that variations in everything else cause little change in the response. It has been known for the past 20 years that each fiber is connected not to a few rods and cones in the retina but to very many over a fair area. Our results show that for the most part within that area, it is not the light intensity itself but rather the pattern of local variation of intensity that is the exciting factor. There are four types of fibers, each type concerned with a different sort of pattern. Each type is uniformly distributed over the whole retina of the frog. Thus, there are four distinct parallel distributed channels whereby the frog’s eye informs his brain about the visual image in terms of local pattern independent of average illumination. We describe the patterns and show the functional and anatomical separation of the channels. This work has been done on the frog, and our interpretation applies only to the frog.
Maturana H. R. (1959) Number of fibres in the optic nerve and the number of ganglion cells in the retina of Anurans. Nature 183 (4672): 1406–1407.
Maturana H. R.
(
1959)
Number of fibres in the optic nerve and the number of ganglion cells in the retina of Anurans.
Nature 183 (4672): 1406–1407.
Maturana H. R., Lettvin J. Y., McCulloch W. S. & Pitts W. H. (1959) Evidence that cut optic nerve fibers in a frog regenerate to their proper places in the tectum. Science 130(3390): 1709–1710. https://cepa.info/520
Maturana H. R., Lettvin J. Y., McCulloch W. S. & Pitts W. H.
(
1959)
Evidence that cut optic nerve fibers in a frog regenerate to their proper places in the tectum.
Science 130(3390): 1709–1710.
Fulltext at https://cepa.info/520
The frog’s retina projects into the superficial neuropil of the opposite tectum in four functionally different layers of terminals. Each layer displays a continuous map of the retina in terms of its particular function. The four maps are in register. The fourth-dimensional order is reconstituted after section and regeneration of the optic fibers.